Digital Citizenship &

the Adoptee Experience

A Practical Framework to Help Adoptees Navigate Identity in the Online Age

By Cam Lee Small, MS, LPCC | adoptionliteracy.com

 

Thank you for attending Cam's training at the FAM 2025 Fall Forum!

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  2. SCHEDULE CAM FOR AN EVENT: If any part of this training resonated with you and you'd like to go deeper with additional trainings or keynotes (or bring this specific training to your org!), visit my site here to browse options and schedule a discovery call with me today!
  3. Get the book The Adoptee's Journey: From Loss and Trauma to Healing and Empowerment (Foreword INDIES Book of the Year Award Finalist)
  4. HANDOUT: Download the following handout and resources to help adoptees and families navigate Digital Citizenship and Adoption Literacy in and beyond their work together with you.
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References

Core Adoption Literacy Framework (including RISEN)

Lee Small, C. (2025). Adoption literacy: A practical guide for counselors. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/10664807241313132

The Adoptee's Journey (Book)

Lee Small, C. (2024). The adoptee's journey: From loss and trauma to healing and empowerment. InterVarsity Press.

TEDx Talk: Adoption Literacy

Lee Small, C. (2024, August 12). Adoption literacy at TEDx [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqCoMRUKVao

Adoptee Consciousness

Branco, S. F., Kim, J., & Newton, G. (2024). The Adoptee Consciousness Model: Integration with family counseling theory and practice. The Family Journal, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/10664807241290244

Branco, S. F., Kim, J., Newton, G., Cooper-Lewter, S. K., & O'Loughlin, P. (2022). Out of the fog and into consciousness: A model of adoptee awareness. Self-published manuscript.

Newton, G. (2022). The trauma and healing of consciousness. Child Abuse & Neglect, 130(Pt 2), 105563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105563

Relationships & Identity

Baden, A. L., Treweeke, L. M., & Alhuwalia, K. M. (2012). Reclaiming culture: Reculturation of transracial international adoptees. Journal of Counseling and Development, 90(4), 387–399. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2012.00049.x

Branco, S. F. (2022). Relational–Cultural Theory: A supportive framework for transracial adoptive families. The Family Journal, 30(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/10664807211028986

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecological model. Psych Review. Yalom, I. (1980). Existential Psychotherapy. Basic Books.

Cross, T. (1997). The Relational Worldview Model. Pathways Practice Digest, 12(4).

Cross, T. (2014). Relational Worldview: A Tribal and Cultural Framework for Improving Child Welfare Outcomes. Training series by National Indian Child Welfare Association, the Center for Advanced Studies in Child Welfare, and the Minnesota Department of Human Services. https://cascw.umn.edu/portfolio-items/rwv-videos/

Critical Adoption Studies

Homans, M., Phelan, P., Ellerby, J. M., Walker, E., Balcom, K., Myers, K., Nelson, K. P., Briggs, L., Callahan, C., Peñta, R., Wesseling, E., Perreau, B., Curzon, L., Leighton, K., & Yngvesson, B. (2018). Critical adoption studies: Conversation in progress. Adoption & Culture, 6(1), 1–49. https://doi.org/10.1353/ado.2018.0015

McKee, K. D. (2019). Disrupting kinship: Transnational politics of Korean adoption in the United States. University of Illinois Press.

Systemic & Cultural Perspectives

Cross, T. (2014). Relational worldview: A tribal and cultural framework for improving child welfare outcomes. Center for Advanced Studies in Child Welfare. University of Minnesota.

Roberts, D. (2002). Shattered bonds: The color of child welfare. Basic Books.

Samuels, E. J. (2001). The idea of adoption: An inquiry into the history of adult adoptee access to birth records. Rutgers Law Review, 53(2), 367-437.

Trenka, J. J., Oparah, J. C., & Shin, S. Y. (Eds.). (2006). Outsiders within: Writing on transracial adoption. South End Press.

Existential & Meaning-making

Frankl, V. E. (2006). Man's search for meaning. Beacon Press. (Original work published 1946)

Kim, J. (2022). “Forever family is like a manufactured Hallmark idea”: Adoption discontinuity experiences of intercountry adoptees. Child Abuse & Neglect, 130, 105-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105184

Lee, H. (2024, July 12). Invisible Families: How Adoptees Use Genetic Testing [Conference session]. 8th International Conference on Adoption Research Conference (ICAR8), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States

van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. Viking.

Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. Basic Books.

Narrative Progression / Repair / CBT / IFS

Herman, J. (2015). Trauma and recovery. Basic Books.

McGinnis, H. A. (2024a, July 12). Mapping the Life Course of Adoption Project (MAP): Health, Well-Being, and Adoptee Connections in Adulthood [Conference session]. 8th International Conference on Adoption Research Conference (ICAR8), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States

Nelson, H. L. (2001). Damaged identities, narrative repair. Cornell University Press.

Teyber, E. (2011). Interpersonal process in psychotherapy: An integrative model (6th ed.). Brooks/Cole.

Key CW360° Research

Dwyer, M. (2025). Fostering responsible tech use: Recommendations for public child welfare agencies. In K. Piescher, S. Gehringer, J. Lodge, T. LaLiberte, & D. McKizzie Cooper (Eds.), CW360°: The Evolving Role of Technology in Child Welfare (pp. [page numbers]). Center for Advanced Studies in Child Welfare, University of Minnesota.

Goldkind, L., & Holmes, A. (2025). Child welfare intelligence? Opportunities and challenges of AI in child protective services. In K. Piescher, S. Gehringer, J. Lodge, T. LaLiberte, & D. McKizzie Cooper (Eds.), CW360°: The Evolving Role of Technology in Child Welfare (pp. [page numbers]). Center for Advanced Studies in Child Welfare, University of Minnesota.

Gustafson, K. (2025). Intentional parenting in the age of ubiquitous social media. In K. Piescher, S. Gehringer, J. Lodge, T. LaLiberte, & D. McKizzie Cooper (Eds.), CW360°: The Evolving Role of Technology in Child Welfare (p. 40). Center for Advanced Studies in Child Welfare, University of Minnesota.

Hollinshead, D., & Barbee, A. (2025). Evaluation findings on case-supportive technology and workforce outcomes. In K. Piescher, S. Gehringer, J. Lodge, T. LaLiberte, & D. McKizzie Cooper (Eds.), CW360°: The Evolving Role of Technology in Child Welfare (pp. [page numbers]). Center for Advanced Studies in Child Welfare, University of Minnesota.

Sage, M., Sage, T., & Wells, M. (2025). Social media in child welfare practice: The critical role of supervision and policy. In K. Piescher, S. Gehringer, J. Lodge, T. LaLiberte, & D. McKizzie Cooper (Eds.), CW360°: The Evolving Role of Technology in Child Welfare (pp. 14-15). Center for Advanced Studies in Child Welfare, University of Minnesota.

Trail, M. (2025). Algorithmic decision making and law in child welfare. In K. Piescher, S. Gehringer, J. Lodge, T. LaLiberte, & D. McKizzie Cooper (Eds.), CW360°: The Evolving Role of Technology in Child Welfare (pp. [page numbers]). Center for Advanced Studies in Child Welfare, University of Minnesota.

Full issue "The Evolving Role of Technology in Child Welfare" available: https://cascw.umn.edu/professional-development/cw360deg

Digital Citizenship Training & Next Steps:

For complete RISEN toolkit, organizational training, and licensing inquiries contact Cam: [email protected] | 952-333-4688 

Browse additional training options at https://www.adoptionliteracy.com/speaking

© 2025 Cam Lee Small | Therapy Redeemed LLC | Adoption Literacy LLCÂ